Pathophysiology Exam 2

Gastrointestinal and hepatic

Biggins, S. W., Angeli, P., Garcia-Tsao, G., Ginès, P., Ling, S. C., Nadim, M. K., Wong, F., & Kim, W. R. (2021). Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 74(2), 1014–1048. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31884

Damjanovska, S. (2024, July 1). Peri-procedural management of bleeding risk in cirrhosis. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. https://www.aasld.org/liver-fellow-network/core-series/clinical-pearls/peri-procedural-management-bleeding-risk-cirrhosis

Karvellas, C. J., Bajaj, J. S., Kamath, P. S., Napolitano, L., O’Leary, J. G., Solà, E., Subramanian, R., Wong, F., & Asrani, S. K. (2024). AASLD practice guidance on acute-on-chronic liver failure and the management of critically ill patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology, 79(6), 1463–1502. https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000000671

Nadim, M. K., Kellum, J. A., Forni, L., Francoz, C., Asrani, S. K., Ostermann, M., Allegretti, A. S., Neyra, J. A., Olson, J. C., Piano, S., VanWagner, L. B., Verna, E. C., Akcan-Arikan, A., Angeli, P., Belcher, J. M., Biggins, S. W., Deep, A., Garcia-Tsao, G., Genyk, Y., . . . Durand, F. (2024). Acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) and International Club of Ascites (ICA) joint multidisciplinary consensus meeting. Journal of Hepatology, 81(1), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.031

Strate, L. L., & Gralnek, I. M. (2016). ACG clinical guideline: Management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 111(4), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.41

Musculoskeletal and rheumatic

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. (KDIGO) (2024). KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the management of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. https://kdigo.org/guidelines/antineutrophilic-cytoplasmic-antibody-anca-associated-vasculitis-aav/

Liewluck, T. (2025, July). Diagnosing inclusion body myositis. The Myositis Association. https://www.myositis.org/about-myositis/diagnosis/diagnostic-criteria/diagnostic-criteria-for-ibm/

Oldroyd, A. G. S., Callen, J. P., Chinoy, H., Chung, L., Fiorentino, D., Gordon, P., Machado, P. M., McHugh, N., Selva-O’Callaghan, A., Schmidt, J., Tansley, S. L., Vleugels, R. A., Werth, V. P., & International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group Cancer Screening Expert Group. (2023). International guideline for idiopathic inflammatory myopathy-associated cancer screening: An International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group (IMACS) initiative. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 19(12), 805–817. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-023-01045-w

Ravn, C., Neyt, J., Benito, N., Abreu, M. A., Achermann, Y., Bozhkova, S., Coorevits, L., Ferrari, M. C., Gammelsrud, K. W., Gerlach, U.-J., Giannitsioti, E., Gottliebsen, M., Jørgensen, N. P., Madjarevic, T., Marais, L., Menon, A., Moojen, D. J., Pääkkönen, M., Pokorn, M., . . . SANJO Guideline Group. (2023). Guideline for management of septic arthritis in native joints (SANJO). Journal of Bone and Joint Infection, 8(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-8-29-2023

Sahni, K. (2025, February). Psoriatic arthritis. American College of Rheumatology. https://rheumatology.org/patients/psoriatic-arthritis

Yaseen, K. (2026, April). Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Merck Manual Professional Edition. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/systemic-rheumatic-diseases/idiopathic-inflammatory-myopathies

Neurologic and psychiatric

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 15). First aid for seizures. https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/

Merck Manual Professional Edition. (n.d.). Examination of mental status [Table]. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/examination-of-mental-status

Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. (n.d.). MG emergency management. https://myasthenia.org/mg-research/for-medical-professionals/mg-emergencies/

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2022). Subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by a ruptured aneurysm: Diagnosis and management (NICE guideline NG228). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng228/chapter/Recommendations

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2025). Epilepsies in children, young people and adults (NICE guideline NG217). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217/chapter/treating-status-epilepticus-repeated-or-cluster-seizures-and-prolonged-seizures

National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Panic disorder: What you need to know. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms

Prabhakaran, S., Gonzalez, N. R., Zachrison, K. S., Adeoye, O., Alexandrov, A. W., Ansari, S. A., Chapman, S., Czap, A. L., Dumitrascu, O. M., Ishida, K., Jadhav, A. P., Johnson, B., Johnston, K. C., Khatri, P., Kimberly, W. T., Lee, V. H., Leslie-Mazwi, T. M., Mac Grory, B., Madsen, T. E., . . . Yaghi, S. (2026). 2026 guideline for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: A guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 57(8), e316–e436. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000513

Sanders, D. B., Wolfe, G. I., Benatar, M., Evoli, A., Gilhus, N. E., Illa, I., Kuntz, N., Massey, J. M., Melms, A., Murai, H., Nicolle, M., Palace, J., Richman, D. P., Verschuuren, J., & Narayanaswami, P. (2016). International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: Executive summary. Neurology, 87(4), 419–425. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002790

Endocrine and metabolic

American Thyroid Association. (n.d.). Thyroid function tests. https://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-function-tests/

Cryer, P. E., Axelrod, L., Grossman, A. B., Heller, S. R., Montori, V. M., Seaquist, E. R., & Service, F. J. (2009). Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(3), 709–728. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1410

Endocrine Society. (2016, February 19). Primary adrenal insufficiency guideline resources. https://www.endocrine.org/clinical-practice-guidelines/primary-adrenal-insufficiency

Endocrine Society. (2025, July 14). Primary aldosteronism. https://www.endocrine.org/clinical-practice-guidelines/primary-aldosteronism-2

Ganesan, K., Anastasopoulou, C., & Wadud, K. (2022). Euthyroid sick syndrome. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482219/

Shapoo, N., & Boma, N. (2026). Thyroid function testing in hospitalized patients: A practical framework for clinicians. Cureus, 18(4), e106544. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.106544

Umpierrez, G. E., Davis, G. M., ElSayed, N. A., Fadini, G. P., Galindo, R. J., Hirsch, I. B., Klonoff, D. C., McCoy, R. G., Misra, S., Gabbay, R. A., Bannuru, R. R., & Dhatariya, K. K. (2024). Hyperglycemic crises in adults with diabetes: A consensus report. Diabetes Care, 47(8), 1257–1275. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci24-0032

Wiersinga, W. M. (2018). Myxedema and coma (severe hypothyroidism). In Endotext. MDText.com, Inc.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279007/

Reproductive

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2022a). Preeclampsia and high blood pressure during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/preeclampsia-and-high-blood-pressure-during-pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2022b). Uterine fibroids. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/uterine-fibroids

American Society for Reproductive Medicine. (2025). Evidence-based guideline: Premature ovarian insufficiency. https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/evidence-based-guideline-premature-ovarian-insufficiency–2024/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2023). Hypertension in pregnancy: Diagnosis and management (NICE guideline NG133). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng133/chapter/recommendations

Rosner, J., Samardzic, T., & Sarao, M. S. (2024). Physiology, female reproduction. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537132/